A Tibetan woman stands in front of a two-storied resettlement house in Banyou village, Ruo'ergai county, in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture. (Photo: China Daily)

A project to resettle nomadic herders has seen thousands of rural residents abandon their traditional tents and move into new brick and mortar dwellings, as Li Yang reports from the Aba Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture, Sichuan province.

'The tourists only see the blue sky and grassland flowers, but where are they when we are searching for lost yak in heavy rain on the mountains?" said Zamzon, a 62-year-old village leader from the hinterlands of the Aba Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture in Sichuan province.

Three years ago, Zamzon packed up the tent he'd made from yak hair and used for many years on the grassland and moved to a five-bedroom house in Rekun village, Hongyuan county. He has turned the house - which was built with assistance provided by a local government settlement project for nomads - into a family hotel that provides accommodation for tourists.

Zamzon said his children were far away herding yaks in the distant summer pastures. "Chairman Mao gave us the pasture that used to be controlled by the nobility, and now his successors have given us new houses," he said, as he sat in a comfortable guest room.

"I hope my grandchildren will earn their livings with pens not whips. And I'd like to see more tourists, most of whom respect our life and religion deeply. They help to raise our incomes," he said.

It costs from 50 yuan (8.5U.S. dollars) to 100 yuan to rent a room in the house for day. "The settled life gives us more freedom and options. I don't want my offspring to always be busy at the back end of a yak," Zamzon said, holding up a piece of dried yak dung, which the locals use as fuel to heat their homes.

Change of heart

Yuan Youxing, the government official in charge of the resettlement project, said the move had been far more successful than initially anticipated. "It started in 2009 in Hongyuan, and finished in 2012, two years earlier than planned, because many nomads changed their minds when they saw the benefits of settling down."

The local government paid about 20 to 30 percent of the construction costs, depending on each family's financial situation, and provided five-year interest-free loans to cover the remaining expenditure.

It costs about 200,000 yuan to build a four-bedroom, two-story home, but most of the families were able to pay off their loans within two or three years using money they earned from tourism and selling yaks and raw ingredients for herbal medicines.

The settlement project in Aba has benefited 210,000 people from the Tibetan ethnic group. Before 2009, about 60,000 of them were nomads, while the other 150,000 lived in shabby houses built from mud, wood and stone. In the four years that followed, the prefecture's government helped the local people to found 608 new villages in 11 counties. The cost to the government was 2.9 billion yuan, while the local people paid 4.5 billion yuan.

The Tibetans still graze their yaks in the pasture in the summer and autumn, so the government has provided them with 41,500 canvas tents, which are more comfortable than the yak-hair variety, together with nine essential items for maintaining a basic lifestyle, including solar power storage batteries, stoves, folding beds, water containers and cream separators.

In 2012, when the project ended, the average annual per capita income in Aba was 5,770 yuan, a rise of 23.8 percent year-on-year. Last year, the figure had risen to 7,866 yuan, 15.8 percent higher than in 2013.

"The government paid special attention to minimizing the environmental impact of the construction projects. Household refuse is collected every day and processed in the county's waste treatment plant, and all the human waste ends up in the local sewage disposal plant," said Luo Le, the head of Waqie township.

"The grassland's delicate ecosystem meant the government had no option but to build these support facilities even before the houses were finished," he added.

Yaks graze in a summer pasture near Rekun village, Aba, in July. (Photo: China Daily)

Grassland protection

Zamzon said the project has improved the quality of life and helped the environment: "The government strongly supports our efforts to protect the grassland, forests and rivers. I'm happy that the grassland I have lived on all my life is being protected, and that people are enjoying more-comfortable lives."

Every nomadic family in the prefecture owns about 1 to 2 square kilometers of pasture. They pay special attention to protecting the grassland, and some areas are left fallow for a certain period of time to allow the land to regain vital depleted elements such as nitrogen, which is essential for plant growth.

The decoration, color schemes and internal structures of the new houses retain strong links with traditional Tibetan dwellings: One room in each building is reserved for prayer, and is decorated with Buddhist statues, portraits of senior local monks known as "Living Buddhas", joss sticks, candles and prayer mats. MP3 players fill the room with religious music throughout the day.

Because Tibetan nomads have no experience of a settled life, the local government persuaded the village elders to take respected members of their communities to inspect completed resettlement projects in neighboring towns, and then relate their findings to friends and neighbors.

The nomads gradually began to appreciate being settled, especially during winter, the worst time to live in a tent on the grassland, according to Qiombo, the head of Rekun village. "The villagers pray every day at home, and also visit the local temples regularly. Moving into a house has had no effect on their religious beliefs and activities at all," he said.

Banyou town lies in neighboring Ruo'ergai county. Even after they were resettled, the residents of the town's five villages continued to pray in the same five temples they used before.

"Living together makes it more convenient for us to go to the temple together in winter," Tashi, a local resident, said. "The fact that living a settled life doesn't influence our religious lives has helped us adapt quickly. The government offered several projected house plans, and each family chose the one they preferred."

Samba, the head of Qiongxi town, said that the new houses were built in 2008, according to the needs and number of local families. However, because many young people have now married and started their own families, the government will be required to carry out a new round of resettlements to accommodate them.

The children now find it easier to attend the village primary school, where they can learn either Tibetan or Chinese, and the township nursing house and clinic takes care of the needs of senior residents.

Most of the young people still take the family yaks to the pastures in summer and autumn. "Having a house gives them the option of a new life during winter. They know that the government will allow them to keep their pastures, so there's no reason for them not to move into a house," Samba said.

Last year, all the resettled families in Aba were issued with title deeds for their houses. "The houses are their assets now, and they can be used as collateral for bank loans," he added.

Since resettlement, the residents of Aba have been able to boost their incomes by turning their new dwellings into guest houses for tourists. In some villages in Songpan, situated along the only road to Jiuzhaigou Valley, a national tourist resort in the north of Aba, the average annual per capita income is comparable with that earned by middle-class workers in Beijing and Shanghai.

"We cater to tourists from April to November every year, and then we go on vacation to warmer places such as Chengdu, Kunming, Thailand, and the Maldives for the rest of the year," said Jamzo Najam, a 20-something who owns a family hotel in Chuanpan, a village in Songpan.

"Every morning, I pray in the family hall and worship the Buddha. I also donate hundreds of thousands of yuan to the local temple every year. Making money doesn't conflict with Buddhism," he added.

New lives, old skills

Zamrenzo, a 19-year-old Tibetan who runs a guesthouse in Muchang village, Songpan, sat in a spacious, neatly decorated guest room with his grandmother, who rotated a prayer wheel and quietly murmured Buddhist sutras.

"I remember how my parents always put my older brother and me into a basket carried by yaks when we moved from place to place on the grassland. As long as the adults decided to move that day, we children had no choice but to sit in the basket, no matter how bad the rain, snow or wind. Every adult had his or her job. Nobody took care of us," he said.

Although Zamrenzo now hires helpers to herd his families' yaks in the summer pasture, he and the other young people in the village still pay special attention to learning the traditional skills from the seniors, who are very happy to pass on the old skills to the new generation, and teach them how to make yak hides and fur into useful everyday objects.

He said tourists are always interested with the traditional crafts and Buddhism. "Tourism opens new windows for interaction between different cultures and peoples", he said.

"Why do some people think Tibetans should always live in a tent and herd yaks on the grassland?" he asked. "We have the freedom to pursue a happy and comfortable life as we wish, and we are no different from those people who look at us just as they would look at a potted landscape."

Zamrenzo sits with his grandmother in the living room of their new home in Muchang village, Songpan county, Aba. The 19-year-old ethnic Tibetan has turned the house into family hotel to provide accommodations for tourists. (Photo: China Daily)